What Is Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease—also called gum disease or periodontitis—affects the tissues surrounding the teeth. The term “periodontal” refers to the area around the tooth, including the gums and, in more severe cases, the jawbone. This inflammatory condition is one of the most common oral health problems among adults and develops when plaque bacteria begin to irritate the gums.

The condition typically begins as gingivitis, a mild form of gum inflammation caused by bacteria in plaque. As plaque builds up and toxins spread beneath the gum line, the infection becomes harder to eliminate. Over time, this ongoing inflammation can break down the supporting structures of the teeth, including connective tissue and bone.

If not treated promptly, periodontal disease can result in loose or shifting teeth—and eventually, tooth loss. In fact, it is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults living in developed countries. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent long-term damage.

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Recognizing the Stages and Forms of Gum Disease

When gingivitis isn’t addressed early, it can progress and affect deeper structures beneath the gum line. The body’s response to the toxins in plaque may trigger a destructive cycle, where inflammation leads to the breakdown of healthy gum tissue and bone. Because the symptoms can be subtle, many people don’t realize their gums are separating from the teeth until the damage is advanced. One of the key warning signs is the development of deep pockets between the teeth and gums.

Periodontal disease can present in several forms, each with its own characteristics:

  • Chronic periodontitis : This is the most frequently seen form of gum disease. It involves gradual gum recession and the formation of deep pockets due to ongoing tissue inflammation. While it progresses slowly, it may have periods of rapid deterioration.
  • Aggressive periodontitis : Found in individuals who appear otherwise healthy, this form leads to a rapid loss of gum attachment and bone. It may run in families and tends to advance quickly without early symptoms.
  • Necrotizing periodontitis : Typically seen in people with underlying conditions like HIV, malnutrition, or immune disorders, this form causes tissue death in the gums, ligaments, and supporting bone.
  • Periodontitis from systemic disease : In some cases, gum disease develops at a young age and is linked to medical conditions such as diabetes, respiratory illnesses, or heart disease.
Each type requires prompt attention to prevent worsening symptoms and preserve oral health.

Available Treatment Options for Gum Disease

Treating periodontal disease begins with a comprehensive evaluation. A periodontist will assess the condition of your gums, teeth, and jawbone before recommending a course of action. Treatment depends on how advanced the disease is and how much tissue damage has occurred.

Here are the most common approaches used to treat gum disease:

This non-surgical procedure is often the first step. It involves deep cleaning to remove plaque and hardened deposits (tartar) from below the gum line. Afterward, the gums may be treated with antibiotics to help reduce infection. Patients may also be given a prescription mouth rinse to support healing at home.
When gum or bone tissue has been lost, grafting procedures can help encourage regrowth. Special membranes may be placed in the affected area to promote healing and stimulate the regeneration of supportive structures.
Also called flap surgery, this procedure reduces the depth of gum pockets, making it easier to keep the area clean and preventing bacteria from accumulating. In some cases, reshaping the jawbone may be needed to eliminate areas where bacteria thrive.
If tooth loss has occurred due to advanced periodontal disease, dental implants can restore function and appearance. These prosthetic teeth are anchored into the jawbone, and in some cases, bone grafting may be needed beforehand to strengthen the area.
Each treatment is designed to stop the progression of gum disease and restore the health of your mouth. Your periodontist will determine which options are best for your specific needs.

When to Consult a Dental Professional

Because periodontal disease can progress silently, it’s important to act quickly if you notice any signs of gum trouble—such as bleeding when brushing, persistent bad breath, gum recession, or loose teeth. Even if symptoms seem mild, early intervention can make a big difference in preventing permanent damage.

A dentist or periodontist can perform a full evaluation to determine if gum disease is present and recommend appropriate treatment. Regular dental checkups play a key role in spotting early gum problems before they worsen.

If you have concerns about gum health, periodontal treatments, or are exploring tooth replacement options like dental implants, don’t hesitate to bring it up with your dental care provider. They can guide you through the options and help you maintain a healthier smile long-term.

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